The Cause and Effects of Terrorism

The Cause and Effects of Terrorism In this modern world, terrorism has become a hazardous threat to all the countries around the world as it will cause devastating casualties and economy impact in any of the countries. According to Krueger and Maleckova (2003), the term terrorism is defined as premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. Terrorism is basically an act of the terrorists to convert a message such as ideological, religious or political object through violence or destruction. The more destructive it is, the more audiences they will have. Thus, terrorists will be greatly increased if they can influence people around the world to achieve the objectives or goals that the terrorists group has plotted. In addition, there are factors that made other people to join terrorism and the effects of it. While terrorism is still in active around the globe, what has causes this dreadful act that harm many people live and property and what are the reasons behind this Keet (2003) stated that one of the causes is formation of nationalist or separatist. He emphasize that colonized nations which made nationalist movement has a high chances to become a terrorism organization. Mahatma Ghandi was the only one who gets along with the freedom movement without using any violence act. Extreme nationalism, on the other hand, has set up or upholds language rights, religious belief and symbols. They persuade on a regional-ethic party and less accentuate on the political rights and privileges. Lawson (2001) too claimed that resistance against an oppressor is a contributing factor that will lead to terrorism. He remarked that the dominance of terrorists land and their people from any oppressor are apparent to have high chances of conducting terrorism. The IRA, the Basque separatist group ETA, the Pale stinians, the Tamil Tigers, the Chechens, and Iraqi insurgents are some of the examples of organization that used forces to fulfill their political goals (Lawson, 2001). Keet (2003) reviewed an important factor that is related to terrorism was social stratification and disproportion of division of limited resources such as food, water and clothing. In this study, lack of economic management has give a huge impact on civilian for their survive needs. Based on the studies shown in Keet (2003) 15% of the population for the poor countries consumes 85% of the overall resources. He stated that if those people cant get a satisfactory amount of resources they needed, they will use force or violence to get what they wanted in order to keep them alive. Thus, these circumstances have formed a new society or organization that will lead to terrorism. The contradictory of theory of disaffected intelligentsia, which is simple minded people that are lack of moral and social knowledge, were the ones that mislead the people (Keet, 2003). They are the reason that dehumanizes terrorists and, in this manner, they wanted to be heard, and acknowledge by the society or the world, that they have the equivalent of human rights. This indicates the inner reason of terrorism, decreeing from the point of its viewpoints, mindset, method of approach and the consequences as studied by Keet (2003). In addition to the dehumanization of terrorists, Keet (2003) claimed that religion is essential cause for the terrorism as it stressed on the Muslim extremists in the Middle East. The research showed that Islamic terrorism rejects the ideology of democracy and individualism, while Islamists dislike the concept of capitalism and believe in Caliphate (the idea of leading Muslim community in worldwide). People believed that the social issue was connected to the war is the religion and realm which indicates on different belief have a higher chance to engage in a battle than those share the same belief (Keet, 2003). Despite of the above, all religion accentuates that we must treat others as we are wished to be treated and killing is prohibited on most of the religious teaching. In 2004, Borum studied the behavior among terrorists and found out that most of them were perceived from injustice, wanted identity and unfortunately, they were the targeted victims of terrorism. Traumatize from the childhood abuse, they felt injustice as well as humiliated and as a result, they joined the terrorists group as they are the majority in the organization (Borum, 2004). People who search for their identity often trap by the terrorist organization in many ways as one of them is referred to identity foreclosure when the idea or mindset of a terrorist organization is being accepted without serious inspection (as cited in Borum, 2004, p. 25). They often accept the mindset as they couldnt take any more of the complexity and stressful world and they are usually classified as lifeless or monotonous person. Similarly, the studies based on Borum (2004) has emphasizes on the motivation of terrorists as a root to terrorism. Motive is defined as the passion or aspiration to get something done. The opportunity to get into action, the belonging needs, the wish to get acknowledge in society and the acquirement of material rewards are the motivations go get involve in terrorism (Borum, 2004). Moreover, Borum (2004) stated that the remedies of an injustice were the essential motivation for terrorism as it can help them to get their revenge back and the best motivation is to help others to avenge but not themselves. The need of belonging that was remarked earlier on has great impact on radical extremist groups as they felt connected and associated with the group. They were expelled and rejected from their society but the organization accepted them and they felt the warmth and kindness just like a family does (Borum, 2004). The causes on terrorism in this world are unavoidable indeed. On the other hand, the effects on terrorism as stated in Bennett and Bray (n.d.) are on tourism industry. After the incident on 9/11, the impact on world travel and tourism council has reported that over 10% of the travel and tourism demand on worldwide has decreased and consequently, 8.8 million people have lost their job in airlines, hotels, tour operators, car rental and credit card companies, thus it decreased 1.7% of total GDP for the world economy (Bennett and Bray, n.d.). With the attacks on the world trade centre, Bennett and Bray (n.d.) reviewed that international arrivals around the world in 2001 has greatly decrease which estimated 4 million that were less than the previous year and it was indicated clearly that people have the fear to take flights. Bennett and Bray (n.d.) stated that it was disastrous for the airlines companies as the passengers numbers were declining. Similarly, AFP (2010a) stated airports and other travel centers as well as tourist attractions across Europe have been heightened with security forces as al-Qaeda has linked with terror plot that targeted in London, Paris, Berlin and other European countries. On the other hand, AP (2010) mentioned on terrorism that was on the alert to those Americans living in or traveling to Europe. The economy around the globe has badly influenced from the act of terrorism. As Abadie and Gardeazabal (2007) reviewed that the capital stock, either in physical or human form, has greatly reduced after the act of terrorist in a country. In addition, the country itself needs to increase expenditures on counter-terrorism and in order to get the resources or capital; they need to obtain from their productive industries for the sake of the countrys security (Abadie Gardeazabal, 2007). The incident of September 11th terrorist attacks on US economy have affected the total production assets which decreased 0.06% of it. Walters, Sachsida and Sandler (2006) indicated the stocks in US direct investment has lower drastically after the terrorist assaults against US interest in OECD countries. Similarly, Persitz (n.d.) claimed that due to intense terror in Pakistan, the consumption and government-expense section increases while investment, exports, and imports of production decreases. In the market, people are devastated from terrorist acts as human tragedies happened most of the time. Because of fear, many people didnt want to take the risk to start a business as terrorism could strike anytime and anywhere and eventually it brings down the economy (Market, n.d.). Furthermore, the costs that cover the security purposes were a burden for most of the companies as they might decrease the price of the stock that will lead to disappointment from the stockholders. Market (n.d.) stated that resilience will occurred even if a terrorist attacks, the society will united together to overcome the catastrophe that changes the security system and become more secure and confident than before. For examples in the Kennedy assignation, the World Trade Center Bombing, and the Oklahoma City Bombing. Whats more about effect of the market is the human loss in a terrorist act is heartbreaking news for the victims loved ones. The loss of potential labor workers in a company suffered more hardship than losing profits (Market, n.d.). In 2007, Creekmore (2007) claimed that after the incident of September 11th, social conflict has been arising due to fear and horrified by the incident among citizens. After past few days of the incident, people were lined up around the gas station before gas prices rose two dollar a gallon. The governor of Mississippi took immediate action against local gas suppliers as they were found guilty on raising the gas prices (Creekmore, 2007). Eventually this has set off havoc between the local gas suppliers and customer in different states, and people were fighting for the gas. In addition, Creekmore (2007) mentioned about the rumors which were spread about the shortage of food due to the gas prices and soon everyone felt the state of panic. Media (2008) reviewed that the Internet has many useful functions for the terrorist, such as cyber-terrorism, coordination of plans of attack, communication with cells, or propaganda and information. Convenient, easy to use and access, much quicker to send precious information and inexpensive are the factors for terrorists to use the Internet. As the functions mentioned above, it brings huge impact on the media because the Internet act as a direct medium (Media, 2008). A Mexican-based terrorism organization, EZLN, also known as Zapatistas, has brought catastrophe to its country as it uses Internet to leak information throughout the world. Media (2008) has also remarked that Internet media offensive was started by al-Qaida that their message were translated into European languages and as a result, radicalization process is happening much faster, broader, more mysterious in the Internet era. Instead of having traditional weapons such as sword and spear, The Effects (2006) claimed that terrorists weaponry has stepped forward to a more advance technology, that is chemical and biological weapons. It was dated back then after Persian Gulf, thousands of US troops went home after the war has ended. Unfortunately, they have come across an illness which includes symptoms like chronic fatigue, severe joint pain and headaches, intestinal track problems, internal bleeding, and memory loss (The Effects, 2006). The veterans were then diagnosed with Gulf War Syndrome as a result of war. The Effects (2006) reviewed the terrorists have been doing many illegal activities such as counterfeit the document and statements as well as take apart the equipments and tear down important documents in order to conceal their production of biological weapons. AFP (2010b) remarked the Taliban militants have claimed two raids which around 60 trucks were torched and three people died in this incident. O n the other hand, Pakistani authorities have reported 24 attacks since September 3rd which have claimed more than 140 lives. Over the years, terrorism has caught international attention as it has destructive goals that would bring casualties and economical impact around the world. The research on terrorism was insufficient and the data is not fully complete yet. There are still many unknown causes that would lead to terrorism. However, as times goes by, the secrets behind terrorism will eventually reveal to the world and it must be eradicate as soon as win-win solutions are being discovered and implement into the society.

Wedding Speech Delivered by the Groom -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeche

Wedding Speech Delivered by the Groom I was really, really nervous about standing up here and speaking. I did prepare a few lines for today and having snorted them I now feel absolutely fine. I did have a great speech worked out for you today, but as I am now married, my wife has told me what to say instead. I'd like to start by thanking you all on behalf of my wife and I being here with us today, especially those who have travelled some distance to be here. We would also like to thank you all very much for your cards, kind thoughts and wonderful presents. I was afraid that putting a dinner service on the wedding list was not such a good idea, when I discussed it with Mary I suggested that we should get a dishwasher, but she told me not to worry , and that she was going to get one when we got married, Me! In all seriousness when Mary and I where planning this wedding we had considered getting married abroad, however with a bit of gentle persuasion from June(Bride's mom) consisting of her tightly gripped fist and my wedding tackle, we decided to give it a miss. Somebody once asked me when Adam & Eve were together how did we know that they lived in paradise? well in view of the fact that my new Mother-in-Law is so close, I don't want to say much, other than this- Adam had no Mother-in-law, that's how we know he lived in paradise. But seriously I would like to thank June for all her... ...e is that it was Berlin's the pub, Cairo Jax the nightclub, Iceland the freezer shop and Texas the DIY store. Finally I asked Mary's mom in the Church, how did Mary look in her wedding dress, she said she looked wonderful, but that didn't prepare me enough for when I saw her walk down the aisle. I was overwhelmed to say the least by how beautiful Mary looks today. So, to my wife, my bride and joy – thank you for everything you have done and making me the happiest man alive. you know everything about me and love me just the same, I have my faults, yet you still agreed to marry me. I am extremely lucky today to be the one to marry you - and I hope this is the start of many happy years together. Wedding Speech Delivered by the Groom -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeche Wedding Speech Delivered by the Groom I was really, really nervous about standing up here and speaking. I did prepare a few lines for today and having snorted them I now feel absolutely fine. I did have a great speech worked out for you today, but as I am now married, my wife has told me what to say instead. I'd like to start by thanking you all on behalf of my wife and I being here with us today, especially those who have travelled some distance to be here. We would also like to thank you all very much for your cards, kind thoughts and wonderful presents. I was afraid that putting a dinner service on the wedding list was not such a good idea, when I discussed it with Mary I suggested that we should get a dishwasher, but she told me not to worry , and that she was going to get one when we got married, Me! In all seriousness when Mary and I where planning this wedding we had considered getting married abroad, however with a bit of gentle persuasion from June(Bride's mom) consisting of her tightly gripped fist and my wedding tackle, we decided to give it a miss. Somebody once asked me when Adam & Eve were together how did we know that they lived in paradise? well in view of the fact that my new Mother-in-Law is so close, I don't want to say much, other than this- Adam had no Mother-in-law, that's how we know he lived in paradise. But seriously I would like to thank June for all her... ...e is that it was Berlin's the pub, Cairo Jax the nightclub, Iceland the freezer shop and Texas the DIY store. Finally I asked Mary's mom in the Church, how did Mary look in her wedding dress, she said she looked wonderful, but that didn't prepare me enough for when I saw her walk down the aisle. I was overwhelmed to say the least by how beautiful Mary looks today. So, to my wife, my bride and joy – thank you for everything you have done and making me the happiest man alive. you know everything about me and love me just the same, I have my faults, yet you still agreed to marry me. I am extremely lucky today to be the one to marry you - and I hope this is the start of many happy years together.

The Death and Life of Charlie St. Cloud

Deanna Todd The Death and Life of Charlie St. Cloud I read â€Å"The Death and Life of Charlie St. Cloud,† by Ben Sherwood. This book is about Charlie St. Cloud, a normal high school junior whose life completely changes one night, and then takes you on the journey through the events that take place after that horrific night. This was a really good book that has been turned into a movie, and I would highly recommend reading the book. This paper is going to tell you in depth about the book and why I enjoyed it so much. Charlie St. Cloud is a high school junior who along with his younger brother love the game of baseball.Living in the small harbor village of Marblehead, Massachusetts, sailing and the water were an everyday part of life, however baseball was the joy of the St Cloud boy’s lives. Charlie’s younger brother Sam looked up to his older brother, and the two, sons of a single mother, had a very close brotherly bond. One evening while Charlie and Sam’s mother was at work, Charlie decided to ‘borrow’ the neighbor’s car to drive to Boston to watch a baseball game. On the way back their car was struck by a drunk driver and both boys were pronounced dead.However, in the ambulance, firefighter Florio Ferrente shocked Charlie back to life. As Charlie promised not to ever leave his brother’s side, he was pulled back into consciousness. It was those few moments of being â€Å"in between† that would forever change Charlie’s life. After a decade of feeling responsible for his brother’s death, Charlie forgets about his dreams and aspirations in life. Instead he decides to become the local cemetery caretaker, and every night as the cannons signal sunset, Charlie races into the woods to meet his little brother for a game of catch.Because of being in between life and death for that short moment, Charlie can now see spirits and guide them into the next realm. Sam chooses to stay behind to be with Charlie and every night no matter what Charlie is doing or where he is, when the cannons sound he is in the woods with his brother. One day as Charlie is cleaning up the cemetery, he meets a young sailor named Tess Carroll. Tess is getting prepared to leave on a race to sail around the world. After meeting her Charlie finds himself trying to choose between the past and Sam, and his possible future with Tess.Tess and Charlie spend a wonderful night together and the next morning, Charlie, like always has his morning coffee at a little shop on the harbor. This is where he finds out that Tess went out on a test sail and is now missing. Hearing this shocks Charlie from his â€Å"new love† state into a realization that Tess is dead. After Charlie finding out about Tess, he becomes very angry and then realizes his point in being saved that faithful night. He realizes that Tess came to him, and that she isn’t dead yet, that she is hurt and fighting to stay alive and Charlie ne eds to find her.He now has to choose between his promise to Sam, and his new love for Tess and their possible future in building a life together. Charlie rushes into town to find Tink, Tess’ right hand man, and explains to him that Tess is in fact alive and he intends to find her. Needless to say Tink thinks he is crazy but embarks on the search anyways because he wants to find her just as much. As they are sailing out to ocean, the sun starts to fall and Charlie hears the cannons, he knows that he has broken the bond between him and Sam and he will never see Sam again.With tears in his eyes, he says goodbye to Sam and apologizes for breaking the promise he made to his little brother. Just then Charlie sees a shooting star in the night sky and it is as if the star is pointing him in the direction of an island. It’s Sam leading Charlie to Tess, Charlie jumps up, thanks Sam and steers the boat toward the island. Once they get close enough they spot Querencia, Tessâ€℠¢ boat. Once they rescued Tess and got her to the hospital, Charlie never leaves her side. However at first Tess doesn’t recognize Charlie and it really upsets him.He gave up his brother for her and now she doesn’t remember the night they had together. Charlie still never left the hospital, and then Tess finally asked fro him, she wanted to know how they met, so Charlie told her the entire story. Charlie had finally let go of the past, and forgave himself for that night that changed his life. Now he was starting over with a brand new outlook on life and he and Tess were going to start over together. This book was very touching and heartwarming. It also reminded me a lot of Mitch Alboms books, especially â€Å"One More Day. They made a movie about this book simply titled â€Å"Charlie St. Cloud† even though the movie was pretty good, it doesn’t compare to the book.I love to read books and watch the movies; however I am usually disappointed in the movies. I don’t like how they take so much out of the movies to fit it in a certain time frame and this movie was no different. However it is still interesting to see the characters coming to life outside of your mind. I would recommend this book and the movie, although I would suggest to watch the movie then read the book, then you won’t become upset like I did.

How to Get Motivated to Do Homework - Top 7 Effective Tips †College-Homework-Help.org

How to Get Motivated to Do Homework - Top 7 Effective Tips – College-Homework-Help.org Students of all the ages face the problem of getting down to studying and wonder how to get yourself motivated to do homework. It is not surprising; there are many temptations surrounding them: good weather outside, social networks, video games, movies, serials, etc. This list can be just endless. Not doing tasks is absolutely wrong, because you can get a gap in knowledge, which will be reflected in the annual assessment. It may seem unimportant; this gap can sometimes make you feel embarrassed when you do not know the elementary things from the school program. The most reasonable thing is to force yourself to study at home and find your own motivation to do homework. In this post, we will talk about how to get motivated to do homework and get the maximum benefit from studying at home. How to Get Motivated to Do Homework – Basic Rules The most effective ways to get inspired to work on assignments are simple and do not require any  special knowledge, preparations, and money. Just follow these rules, and you will elaborate a habit to do home assignments routinely. Make sure to follow other rules; there will be no result. Be aware of how to get motivated to do homework. Eliminate the Influence of Distractions The most important and decisive moment will be when you will change your habits and eliminate the things that may potentially disturb you from doing assignments. Turn off the TV in your room; Close the door - there should be silence in the room; Turn off the computer and, if possible, the phone; Hide entertainment magazines. That is, ensure that nothing could take away your time or attention, as focusing on an assignment and performing tasks at home are extremely important. Firstly, the more concentration is on the task, the faster it is performed. Even a short phone call can bring down the concentration during half an hour. Always remember how to get motivated to do homework. GET MY HOMEWORK DONE How to Get Motivated to do Homework and Fight Your Laziness Excluding distractions is easy and useful. If you are overcome by laziness, it will be difficult to find time and motivation to do homework. You will constantly take breaks and will not be able to study effectively; this will lead to your poor academic performance. To fight with your laziness, we recommend you to set a clear schedule. Decide on the exact time/ day to do your studies. Click  here to read about who invented home assignments and what purpose it practically serves. Tip # 1 - Choose a Convenient Place A lot of people believe that the place of doing assignments affects the learning motivation. There is no universal rule, and the place one should adjust to his specific case. Some people find it easier to do home assignments in the school library, where the necessary literature in place. Others find their perfect place abed, where they can conveniently lay out with notebooks and books. Most people find it easier to set themselves up for lessons at the desk in their room. If you do not feel yourself tuned to home tasks, try new places; changing even the landscape outside the window will positively affect the desire to do tasks. Find your ideal place and beaver away at home tasks effectively. Tip # 2 - Set a Goal for Your Motivation to do Homework Setting a goal can be a useful exercise when it comes to finding motivation to do homework. You can even set several objectives you would like to reach. Finishing a quarter with good grades, joining a scientific club, and graduating with honors sound as a good plan. If the goal is set correctly, it will encourage you to do  homework lessons in any mood and condition. Everything will be easy. To accent attention and not to forget about your task inadvertently, you can attach stickers with the set goals are written to the desk. Tip # 3 - Find Something Interesting Despite the monotony of school classes, you can find a lot of interesting and cognitive things in them in order to know how to get motivated to do homework. You were asked to read some literary work or a new chapter on World History. Try to read this in such a way as to find those facts that would interest you. Do not try to remember everything but keep in mind the main essence and a couple of points. Regarding those subjects containing nothing interesting, always remember that you are not going to engage yourself in doing such a boring activity in the future. This will inspire you. You need to spend several hours per week studying this subject to reach your goal. If the lesson or a task is boring, think of the slightest detail that can become interesting. QUICK HOMEWORK SOLUTION Tip # 4 - Bet With Someone This method brings an amazing result to those who consider themselves to be risky. Bet with someone from your classmates that during the next week you will receive a higher grade than he will. Choose those who study at the same level as you or even better. In such a way, you will know how to get motivated for homework and do your home assignments effectively. In such a bet, there will be neither losers nor winners, as both students will strive to study more thoughtfully. If you want to reach the best result, bet on it. Tip # 5 - Do Lessons With Classmates Sitting in silence and doing home assignments is a boring occupation; performed in two, it can become an interesting and exciting activity. It is even easier to find answers together. If you wonder â€Å"how do I get motivated to do my homework?† invite a classmate to work on the home assignment together. If you find such â€Å"companion† studying useful, we recommend you to do home assignments in the school library in order to save time. Wonder why students are given much home assignments? Find answers in the post  here. Tip # 6 - Make the Computer Your Assistant It's no secret that the computer is the air to the younger generations; they cannot live without it. Although being quite a useful thing, a pc has a number of drawbacks, such as video games and social networks. Parents are extremely unhappy when their children spend hours in front of a pc. If you are fond of working on a computer, find a way to do your home assignments using a pc! You will be more interested in doing tasks, and parents will not mind it. The main thing is that the computer should help you do assignments without distracting you from performing it or playing your favorite video games. Remember, it should only help you, speed up, and make the studying process effective. Use it in your struggle of how to get motivated for homework. Tip # 7 - Ask Parents for Help If none of the methods help, we recommend asking your parents for help. Honestly explain the situation. This is a courageous and adult act. You will rise in estimation of your parents; they will understand that their child is growing up. They will never refuse to help you and will ensure that the conditions at home are comfortable for  studying and recreation. In any case, you will always win! Final Say Wondering how to get yourself motivated to do homework? Remember that the above methods will be hardly effective if not applied in all together. If you take them in a complex way, the result will surprise you to the upside; we do hope that the article was useful, and you found an answer on how to get motivated to do homework. Discipline yourself, set the most convenient studying conditions, and do not be afraid of asking for help. These will help you in the future! By the way, you can always use some  applications, to ease your work on home assignments.

Understanding the Philosophy of Culture

Understanding the Philosophy of Culture The ability to transmit information across generations and peers by means other than genetic exchange is a key trait of the human species; even more specific to humans seems the capacity to use symbolic systems to communicate. In the anthropological use of the term, culture refers to all the practices of information exchange that are not genetic or epigenetic. This includes all behavioral and symbolic systems. The Invention of Culture Although the term culture has been around at least since the early Christian era (we know, for instance, that Cicero used it), its anthropological use was established between the end of eighteen-hundreds and the beginning of the past century. Before this time, culture typically referred to the educational process through which an individual had undergone; in other words, for centuries culture was associated with a philosophy of education. We can hence say that culture, as we mostly employ the term nowadays, is a recent invention. Culture and Relativism Within contemporary theorizing, the anthropological conception of culture has been one of the most fertile terrains for cultural relativism. While some societies have clear-cut gender and racial divisions, for instance, others do not seem to exhibit a similar metaphysics. Cultural relativists hold that no culture has a truer worldview than any other; they are simply different views. Such an attitude has been at the center of some of the most memorable debates over the past decades, entrenched with socio-political consequences. Multiculturalism The idea of culture, most notably in connection with the phenomenon of globalization, has given rise to the concept of multiculturalism. In one way or other, a large part of the contemporary world population lives in more than one culture, be it because of the exchange of culinary techniques, or musical knowledge, or fashion ideas, and so on. How to Study a Culture? One of the most intriguing philosophical aspects of culture is the methodology by means of which its specimens have been and are studied. It seems, in fact, that in order to study a culture one has to remove herself from it, which in some sense it means that the only way to study a culture is by not sharing it.The study of culture poses thus one of the hardest questions with respect to human nature: to what extent can you really understand yourself? To what extent can a society assess its own practices? If the capacity of self-analysis of an individual or a group is limited, who is entitled to a better analysis and why? Is there a point of view, which is best suited for the study of an individual or a society?It is no accident, one could argue, that cultural anthropology developed at a similar time at which psychology and sociology also flourished. All three disciplines, however, seem to potentially suffer from a similar defect: a weak theoretical foundation concerning their respecti ve relationship with the object of study. If in psychology it seems always legitimate to ask on which grounds a professional has a better insight into a patient’s life than the patient herself, in cultural anthropology one could ask on what grounds the anthropologists can better understand the dynamics of a society than the members of the society themselves.How to study a culture? This is still an open question. To date, there certainly are several instances of research that try and address the questions raised above by means of sophisticated methodologies. And yet the foundation seems to be still in need of being addressed, or re-addressed, from a philosophical point of view. Further Online Readings The entry on cultural evolution at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.The entry on multiculturalism at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.The entry on culture and cognitive science at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Space Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Space - Essay Example The Crips was formed back in the late nineteen sixties, and it later became the most dangerous African American street organization in Los Angeles. The group was formed with the aim of representing black power, black pride, and was to address various injustices perpetrated on black people during that time. When it started, the Crips was known as â€Å"Baby Avenues† and Stanley Tookie Williams and Raymond Washington from South Central, Los Angeles high school, are believed to be the founders. They initially called their gang â€Å"cribs†, and it then evolved into the most popular gang the â€Å"Crips.† According to its creators, the gang was created as a way of defending its members against various rival gangs that were involved in innumerable wrong doings in the southern Central neighborhoods. The Crips’ activities have their origin on high school campuses in every part of Los Angeles. The Eastside Crips originated from Freemont High School while the oppos ite side of the 110Harbor Freeway was home for Westside Crips (Covey 48). Another group was established in Compton. The Bloods is a gang that was established in Compton, Piru Street (Street Gangs 1). The founders of the bloods are Vincent Owens and Sylvester Scott. Initially, the gang was referred to as Campton Pirus, and as time went by, the gang grew rapidly. Its growth was triggered by the disputes the Compton Pirus had with Compton Crips. During these disputes, the Pirus was brutally beaten and outnumbered. The Crips also treated other gangs badly and, for this reason, countless gangs decided to team up against the Crips. This is how the Bloods came to be. Today, the Bloods are known for their unforgiving attitude and take no prisoners mindset (covey 48) Since the 20th century, these two gangs have made Los Angeles to be ranked among the cities with the highest cases of crimes. The crime rate and crack use in south central became very high to a point that the area

Discipleship Counseling Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Discipleship Counseling - Research Paper Example The absence of these three approaches in the counseling ministry will result in an ineffective ministry that will not adequately meet serve the members of the Kingdom of God. It is imperative to note that spiritual warfare includes the area of prayer, battles waged in the spiritual realm and the effects of spiritual oppression. When the concept of spiritual warfare is properly utilized without overemphasis that it is the only cause, it can be very effective. The Wholistic approach is when the body, soul and spirit are considered, even as relevant Christian theologies are also considered, taking care not to involve secular thoughts or those that are not Biblical. Dealing with counselee with compassion entails allowing for connection with the counselee so as to allow the individual to move out of the situation. Introduction While the aspect of discipleship counseling is often overlooked, it is a very important duty that should be practiced by Christian leaders upon their flock, conside ring the Lord Jesus Himself practiced it often upon His disciples and to the people who followed Him during His ministry on earth (Anderson, 2003). It should dawn on Christian leaders that counseling of the flock that God has laid into their hands is one of the most important aspects of their responsibilities. Proper training and readiness then by Christian leaders is important if the needs of the many people who are suffering from stressful and emotional problems are to be addressed in The United States of America and all over the world (AACC, 2004). Christian counseling can be more effective than psychological or normal counseling because of these three important aspects, spiritual warfare, the wholistic approach and compassion which are included, this is in spite of the fact that the counselee must be a Christian, one who believes Christ’s work of redemption (Anderson, 2003). In the world today, there is a wave of spiritual attack which has bound many people and made the s urrender to the Kingdom of God and the mind like that which was in Christ difficult. A well equipped Christian counselor will recognize this fact and take the necessary approach to counseling like being grounded in prayer and in the word of God from whom counsel and guidance and power will originate. This will place the counselor above an ordinary counselor whose efforts are only guided by human knowledge. The Christian counselor should always remember that effective counseling will be guided by the ability to wage effective spiritual warfare to the forces of opposition from beginning to the end. Compassion will also be actively be exercised to be effective at all times if the leader is to be effective. The effective counselor will also approach the problem at hand from a wholistic perspective, but not from a singular one for the best results. Spiritual warfare, which is essentially waged by spiritual forces on the mind is a very important concept to consider in discipleship counsel ing but not solely as the only concept. The statistics of divorce, rebellion in society and drug abuse among many problems are extraordinarily high all over the world and, an ill equipped Christian counselor can be over awed by individuals who come for his assistance to solve them (Anderson, 2003). Many people are on medication for high blood pressure resultant from anger and frustration. While ordinary counseling and Medicare will advocate for medical solutions and concepts, the